What species crashed on Installation 04?

Hard to answer when there is nothing to give us a hint whatsoever.

I believe it was the last remnant of humans prior to the forerunner extinction/disappearance.

In comparison to the trailers we have so far of Halo 4, I can say that the species in the trailer may be the same ones from that terminal.

They look similar from what we've seen.

Well the atmosphere that vented out of the ship was the same as the ring's, so that eliminates the Grunts. Lot of help that hint was.

But seriously, possibly that was a hint that it was a human ship?

I gotta say... it looks human.
Not UNSC human, but ancient human-ness with a certain roundness to its exterior..

Sentient life was detected by 343 when it was headed to the ring. so they were alive, at lease until they crashed and were unable to leave their ship. what was the time frame on them ariving?

As I recall from the terminal, the atmosphere from the ship was like the Halo's atmosphere (which must be analogue for earth like). However, the communication protocol was unknown to 343GS, which precludes humanity and forerunner (unless there is a highly divergent human group).
I'm going with a third species (unknown), as humans surviving the first halo event seem unlikely (they would have had to be outside the known universe, or be inside one of the shield worlds (as per Trevallyn / Onyx), both of which are unlikely events for humanity post the forerunner war).
Forerunners would have had a communication protocol that 343GS could have accessed (or derived).
So I'll go with option 3 - who knows. Unless of course it was early Prophets species (pre the major split, but after FTL was derived), which may have had a language protocol unknown to 343GS, but even then you would have expected 343GS to have had access to the data surrounding that species (given they were allied with humanity against the forerunners).

A few thoughts come to mind

1. Lifeless precursor ship just drifting that happened to crash land on the installation

2. Ancient human ship that crashed but everyone on board died

3. A unknown forerunner ship that was drifting.

Dat necropost -_-

Well since the Precursors could transmute themselves, it should be noted the Flood can do the same for infiltration purposes.

Perhaps there's a "gas" that contains supercells. The language? The best possibility I can come up with is Precursor dialect. Can't go much further than that.